ELITE CYBER TECH

Example Code to Connect to mySQL Database in Java

May 26, 2017 Unknown 0

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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This post
is to help initiate a MySQL database connection through Java at front-end via
JDBC (Java Data Base Connectivity). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Before this we need to know some basic
information which are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Driver class:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> The driver class for the MySQL
database is <b>'com.mysql.jdbc.Driver'</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Connection URL:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> The connection URL for the MySQL
database is <b>'jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/DB_sample'</b> where jdbc
is the API, MySQL is the database, localhost is the server name on which MySQL
is running, we may also use IP address, 3306 is the port number and <b>DB_sample</b> is
the database name. We may use any database, in such case, you need to replace
the <b>DB_sample</b> with your database name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Username:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> The default username for the
MySQL database is <b>root</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16pt;">Password:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> Password is given by the user at
the time of installing the MySQL database. In this example, we are going to use <b>pswd</b> as
the password.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">You must initially have a database created in the name DB_sample, which
can be created in a similar fashion as rendered below,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; padding: 0cm;">create
database DB_sample; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; padding: 0cm;">use
DB_sample; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; padding: 0cm;">create
table employee(empid int(10), emp_name varchar(40), salary int(3)); </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0cm;">Now
for the Java code to connect to this MySQL database is rendered below, (in this
example code as mentioned earlier DB_sample as database name, root as username
and pswd as password):</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">import java.sql.*; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">class ClsSqlCon{ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">    public static void main(String args[]){ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">        try{ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">           
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">            Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection( <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">                   
                   
 "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/DB_sample","root","pswd"); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">            //here DB_sample is database
name, root is username and pswd is password <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">            Statement stmt =
con.createStatement(); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">            ResultSet
rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from employee"); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">            //Fetching records of employee
record<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">            while(rs.next()) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">               
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" 
"+rs.getString(2)+"  "+rs.getString(3)); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">            con.close(); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">        }catch(Exception e){
System.out.println(e);} <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">    } <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">}  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0cm;">Using
the above code you can retrieve all records of the employee table. Hope this
helpful and you were successful in your trial to connect to the MySQL database.
 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tips Example Code to Connect to mySQL Database in Java

This post is to help initiate a MySQL database connection through Java at front-end via JDBC (Java Data Base Connectivity). Before...

Smartwatch can help detect Life-Threatening Heart Problems

May 23, 2017 Unknown 0

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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
Fitness wearables typically monitors the wearer’s exercise pattern
and activities. Cardiogram announced recently that they have developed an
algorithm that trained a deep neural network using heart rate readings taken
from Apple Watch, iBeat and Android Wearables to help reduce fatalities caused
by heart diseases by detecting atrial fibrillation with higher accuracy than
previous models.</h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Atrial Fibrillation
or AF causes 15% of strokes in cases world-wide. AF is an abnormal heart rhythm
characterized by rapid and irregular beating (arrhythmia) that can lead to
blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications. Normally,
your heart contracts and relaxes to a regular beat. In atrial fibrillation, the
upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat irregularly (quiver) instead of
beating effectively to move blood into the ventricles. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If a clot breaks off, enters the bloodstream
and lodges in an artery leading to the brain, a stroke results. About 15–20
percent of people who have strokes have this heart arrhythmia. This clot risk
is why patients with this condition are put on blood thinners.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Here’s how
patients have described their experience:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“My heart
flip-flops, skips beats, and feels like it’s banging against my chest wall,
especially if I’m carrying stuff up my stairs or bending down.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I was
nauseated, light-headed, and weak. I had a really fast heartbeat and felt like
I was gasping for air.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I had no
symptoms at all. I discovered my AF at a regular check-up. I’m glad we found it
early.”</span></div>
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The company sent 200 AliveCor mobile electrocardiogram
devices to people diagnosed by this condition and this led to recording of
6,338 mobile ECGs from the test patients. Cardiogram has applied 139 million
heart rate readings. To validate their architectural model, Cardiogram obtained
gold standards from cardioversions and has been working with medical
researchers from UCSF’s Health eHeart Study, and a total of 51 human trials
were done wearing the Apple Watch and was able to detect AF with 98.04% sensitivity
and 90.2% specificity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The iBeat
smartwatch uses microsensors to measure heart rate for ir</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">regularities. The device
is integrated with a built-in radio, microphone and GPS.  The watch reading shows a user experiencing
AF. The iBeat is available for pre-order on iBeat.com. It costs $150 and an
additional $17 per month for the monitoring service.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefn7YLJBCxVxhm1JxlLeY9uGKBaUFeygUxfI3qcCfpBcIHfvzmD9hHVvJB169O76HkuEKS6dsDcnXxhVGRfQtXgGj8D37a2A-7R4omREU_7h6FhRrOGqSb-IgZnDPA5rDfMcDd-SVKvU/s1600/img3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="620" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefn7YLJBCxVxhm1JxlLeY9uGKBaUFeygUxfI3qcCfpBcIHfvzmD9hHVvJB169O76HkuEKS6dsDcnXxhVGRfQtXgGj8D37a2A-7R4omREU_7h6FhRrOGqSb-IgZnDPA5rDfMcDd-SVKvU/s640/img3.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cardiogram
said that they would eventually roll out wearables to pair early warning with
prompts to set up appointments for the treatment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">When a
cardiac incident is detected, the iBeat vibrates to alert the user, prompting
him or her to touch the screen indicating whether everything is OK. If he or
she responds with “no” or does not reply within 10 seconds, their linked
emergency contacts and iBeat’s 24/7 heart dispatch team receive a text, email
or phone notification with the user’s location and the type of emergency. The
device is cellular enabled, has built-in GPS and features a help on-demand
button.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhALlvbILBw71WtQ_lBm4M4NygOWXIJfnILZQYOh3H7yGK9_dYijQ-AQSS2AyvOxcagyOsMxvNNFjEErfI0KVULgbUeQ0k-yqKFFtFhO5mdLcutJlqwneLc33McXWsjpOGOgoTpr6G6H_k/s1600/img2c.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="600" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhALlvbILBw71WtQ_lBm4M4NygOWXIJfnILZQYOh3H7yGK9_dYijQ-AQSS2AyvOxcagyOsMxvNNFjEErfI0KVULgbUeQ0k-yqKFFtFhO5mdLcutJlqwneLc33McXWsjpOGOgoTpr6G6H_k/s640/img2c.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">“There are many devices on the market including diabetic monitors, heart-rate </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">monitors, and other health monitoring solutions, but all these devices only passively monitor you,” Ryan Howard, founder and CEO of iBeat, said in a news release. “None of them actively monitor and analyze your heart health around-the-clock like the iBeat Life Monitor.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;">“If you
suffer a life-threatening heart incident such as sudden cardiac arrest, you
have a 90 percent chance of dying without intervention,” Howard said in the
release. “Continual monitoring and quick intervention can mean the difference
between life and death in emergency situations.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>

News Smartwatch can help detect Life-Threatening Heart Problems

Fitness wearables typically monitors the wearer’s exercise pattern and activities. Cardiogram announced recently that they have developed ...

Introduction To Machine Learning:

May 23, 2017 Unknown 3

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2fzyNrMZsAszalF2JRgnwoh5UJKlpka-YznnX5IjH_TtyUqpLColDKIEjHA4LbDkz6C6JHDaDnDgjZ-mtYFk8KtM661MPg2x7zr4Qw2pNhoo1rXOCiyBcfraGlK2RiXnBGRf8CxJfxG8/s1600/ml.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2fzyNrMZsAszalF2JRgnwoh5UJKlpka-YznnX5IjH_TtyUqpLColDKIEjHA4LbDkz6C6JHDaDnDgjZ-mtYFk8KtM661MPg2x7zr4Qw2pNhoo1rXOCiyBcfraGlK2RiXnBGRf8CxJfxG8/s320/ml.png" width="320" /></a><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Machine learning is the sub-field of computer science,
focuses on the development of computer programs that can change when exposed to
new data. Machine learning system searches through data for a pattern and
adjust program actions accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Facebook's News Feed uses machine learning to personalize each
member's feed. If a member frequently stops scrolling in order to read or
"like" a particular friend's posts, the News Feed will start to show
more of that friend's activity earlier in the feed. Behind the scenes, the
software is simply using statistical analysis and predictive analytics to
identify patterns in the user's data and use to patterns to populate the News
Feed. Should the member no longer stop to read, like or comment on the friend's
posts, that new data will be included in the data set and the News Feed will
adjust accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Machine learning is a
method of:</span></b></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">       ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">data
analysis that automates analytical model building.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">       ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">Using
algorithms that iteratively learn from data,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">       ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">find
hidden insights without being explicitly programmed where to look. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Traditional Programming:</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Data and program is run on the
computer to produce the output. <b><i>Machine Learning:</i></b> Data and output is
run on the computer to create a program. This program can be used in
traditional programming.</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Applications of Machine
Learning:</span></b><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4iFxGAiT0AkUp2WefDkJgHWVvEzc3o323IDxFMRGTXfG-ih7I9VZuGcl9mqbiJ3adtE2xatrKpVtirQz-YRLx-lPVrSonYOS52y9H0f32sB0qt36iX1dOGajhWV0xcwKSJr0A6oUywWc/s1600/appl.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -18pt;"><img border="0" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4iFxGAiT0AkUp2WefDkJgHWVvEzc3o323IDxFMRGTXfG-ih7I9VZuGcl9mqbiJ3adtE2xatrKpVtirQz-YRLx-lPVrSonYOS52y9H0f32sB0qt36iX1dOGajhWV0xcwKSJr0A6oUywWc/s640/appl.PNG" width="640" /></a></h3>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Web search</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">: ranking page based on what you are
most likely to click on.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Computational biology</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">: rational design drugs in the
computer based on past experiments.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Finance:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;"> decide who to send what credit card
offers to. Evaluation of risk on credit offers. How to decide where to invest
money.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">E-commerce:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">  Predicting customer churn.
Whether a transaction is fraudulent.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Space exploration:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;"> space probes and radio astronomy</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Robotics:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;"> how to handle uncertainty in new
environments. Autonomous. Self-driving car.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Information extraction</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">: Ask questions over DB across the
web.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Social networks:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;"> Data on relationships and
preferences. Machine learning to extract value from data.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Debugging:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;"> Use in computer science problems
like debugging. Labour intensive process. Could suggest where the bug could be.</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Machine Language</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> is a computer program that learns
from <b>Experience</b> (E) with respect to
some class of <b>Task</b> (T) and <b>Performance measure</b> (P). If its
performance with task T as measured by P improves with E.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiI7j9IKJBVjqPYuZ3JQDhpi_sUw_4AAb7LM84avW4td8OTjeI1QWY-HvTaf5PGiQXefuH5bFTK87HAg8RicMKuTCtWrIDcWUm1ZCtmB4SgGqOxv00S073Avp677T17ANE78L3GzvSeQQ/s1600/ML-ETP.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiI7j9IKJBVjqPYuZ3JQDhpi_sUw_4AAb7LM84avW4td8OTjeI1QWY-HvTaf5PGiQXefuH5bFTK87HAg8RicMKuTCtWrIDcWUm1ZCtmB4SgGqOxv00S073Avp677T17ANE78L3GzvSeQQ/s320/ML-ETP.png" width="320" /></a><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Example: playing
checkers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">E —> experience of playing many games of checkers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">T —> Task of playing checkers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">P —> Probability program will win next game.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">History Of Machine
Learning:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX0gq8IeBAKHOyRElJNosOl6D4uJRnrpqm2hZX0J7L_IHOpFTIqJWybrXBGPzBbHH1OjV34OIAoW87FD_VMydBMGDk0XlKaDst9nrXNop8iRY4o8uq_zleQHEpK2DT0TU5DsRgtu2zfPY/s1600/history1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX0gq8IeBAKHOyRElJNosOl6D4uJRnrpqm2hZX0J7L_IHOpFTIqJWybrXBGPzBbHH1OjV34OIAoW87FD_VMydBMGDk0XlKaDst9nrXNop8iRY4o8uq_zleQHEpK2DT0TU5DsRgtu2zfPY/s640/history1.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA6CuZcJjv3D4dMQTLENC6ip3fbZs98YiuhAUQQgqap3bxFHYJbVZ2RM637QqpznTpzjw88AdOQWYjQhFhxVAlo97gNCiLpXtZ2VwQnaEt58MZ6fgD3G_U-fOyykC8sAaGS5qAnHB_sOA/s1600/history2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA6CuZcJjv3D4dMQTLENC6ip3fbZs98YiuhAUQQgqap3bxFHYJbVZ2RM637QqpznTpzjw88AdOQWYjQhFhxVAlo97gNCiLpXtZ2VwQnaEt58MZ6fgD3G_U-fOyykC8sAaGS5qAnHB_sOA/s640/history2.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What are the
differences between data mining, machine learning and deep learning?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0R6wH7OJPJz9feMChvoHq-ITCgF-QUaC6NbP0OhtqOmCa7VtjB3vN2D9iUABjKKyFXLAs9r3-qGOy7yBn1F7XTxhQvU2u5IyZ4j1P1CPj8x0G24PC9AVS0sDeiSIjuBcUSVnyPT6y7c4/s1600/dif.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0R6wH7OJPJz9feMChvoHq-ITCgF-QUaC6NbP0OhtqOmCa7VtjB3vN2D9iUABjKKyFXLAs9r3-qGOy7yBn1F7XTxhQvU2u5IyZ4j1P1CPj8x0G24PC9AVS0sDeiSIjuBcUSVnyPT6y7c4/s640/dif.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Basic Workflow Model Of
Machine Learning:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-SOAF9dBfFkci953RPyuPP7VnN4rx1yqHov1u_9EndjU-EVlGiERcBQ3Jdx8yw1YEnBjEpthf-sFcnceBPCYgDmgymP3dicyi71BnR1nJ5a_pi3z2_3EUURyenFll8LR1pLM3SdyX8o/s1600/build.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-SOAF9dBfFkci953RPyuPP7VnN4rx1yqHov1u_9EndjU-EVlGiERcBQ3Jdx8yw1YEnBjEpthf-sFcnceBPCYgDmgymP3dicyi71BnR1nJ5a_pi3z2_3EUURyenFll8LR1pLM3SdyX8o/s640/build.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZMkYZ1RgoWjyMnhAdSdrwNQ8_XBEf7W07YqyqnK8wqGriUOfKnwnkKIuq7C2M64VhkRjP8a1q5k-0qzkSyjNJzeMilb0ahg2aK1nWD3AnW8VNfCk4R6F_PxBnDQeyuMUfakPE53uSdNU/s1600/build1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZMkYZ1RgoWjyMnhAdSdrwNQ8_XBEf7W07YqyqnK8wqGriUOfKnwnkKIuq7C2M64VhkRjP8a1q5k-0qzkSyjNJzeMilb0ahg2aK1nWD3AnW8VNfCk4R6F_PxBnDQeyuMUfakPE53uSdNU/s400/build1.PNG" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ML
has three phases – training, validation, and testing. To decide which is best model
of the alternatives, the selection should be based on the performance of the
model against validation data and not on the accuracy on test data set. The
following steps are performed: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">   1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Identify the
features from training data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">   2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Identify subset
of attributes necessary for classification (dimensional reduction).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">   3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Learn model using
training data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">   4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Use trained model
to classify unknown data, and predict the result accurately.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAaKNgIlOnafxu4w3ZtNsWjbFhWq2ivnGxI1FqZJ3Qnua8XsTHBv1mM5HxXwcn_-1ZfTkKad0f5i6M9YmbDle-LAVpZfHomlJYeIV7GXmEBpj7EsWZUe1LchfCu_ScSOt_IgeT14fJ6y4/s1600/chart.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAaKNgIlOnafxu4w3ZtNsWjbFhWq2ivnGxI1FqZJ3Qnua8XsTHBv1mM5HxXwcn_-1ZfTkKad0f5i6M9YmbDle-LAVpZfHomlJYeIV7GXmEBpj7EsWZUe1LchfCu_ScSOt_IgeT14fJ6y4/s400/chart.PNG" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">What
is required is, the machine learning (ML) system to train on dataset and act on
data which fits a particular pattern find alternate models and select the best
fit model. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Undercutting</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> is result of excessively simple
model. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-size: 14pt;">Overfitting</b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> is result of
excessively complicated model.</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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This is first issue of this machine learning tutorial that has been published. In the next issue Machine Learning Algorithms will be discussed. Hope you have a good exposure on what is machine learning in this issue. stay</div>
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Tutorials Introduction To Machine Learning:

Machine learning is the sub-field of computer science, focuses on the development of computer programs that can change when exposed to ...

SELF-DESTRUCT THE REGRETTABLE MAIL YOU SENT THROUGH GMAIL VIA D-MAIL !!

May 23, 2017 Unknown 0

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<span style="color: #7f7f7f; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #7F7F7F; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=50000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Chrome Web Extension that allows you to revoke access to sent
emails whenever you like!!</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA4kM3JStnER6Sj4sigJ93KVnnkujJY8Prf9-rVsnNScp55eIZjXtzeAOwTWjmNLEO6U4-pQg8BmQgqmr6KxTYydhDk4wTFe3fR3uhwvverQdA-UjCVPCAJezHmgq_CvbBbVs5kKDzRUE/s1600/img6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA4kM3JStnER6Sj4sigJ93KVnnkujJY8Prf9-rVsnNScp55eIZjXtzeAOwTWjmNLEO6U4-pQg8BmQgqmr6KxTYydhDk4wTFe3fR3uhwvverQdA-UjCVPCAJezHmgq_CvbBbVs5kKDzRUE/s640/img6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #7f7f7f; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #7F7F7F; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=50000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">You may have encountered this situation many times that you
have regretted sending an email hastily and desperately wished you could take
it back? Or maybe you’re worried about sending confidential information over
email – especially after witnessing many large-scale hacks and the damage they
can cause.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">A new self-destructing email service called Dmail aims to eliminate
these concerns with this tool that allows user to manage the mails sent over Gmail.
Dmail is a new Google Chrome Browser Extension that gives people power to how
long the recipient can view the mail sent by you. You can even set a
self-destructing timer that automatically makes an email inaccessible after that
certain time.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjejw4hBCIYoIecNcWPy-Bif8ClkhwYLtSaFLpF5fnpXyOTuprMSKfX6axf2z6Q-u9WQj4P8_PSNBet4zo9Ejv9tk62PlJzFOoUq3PKWyF0OKap2MSzHUd_tDkhD3PvOFlnIPcOuTnM3hQ/s1600/img3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjejw4hBCIYoIecNcWPy-Bif8ClkhwYLtSaFLpF5fnpXyOTuprMSKfX6axf2z6Q-u9WQj4P8_PSNBet4zo9Ejv9tk62PlJzFOoUq3PKWyF0OKap2MSzHUd_tDkhD3PvOFlnIPcOuTnM3hQ/s400/img3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx66ixVNNfem2E_-mCmNP2SjP5GhIM_ose89pUxxWwKHglCskQRsS4P5G2TW4eInESqmF9vFs16oQMPw_BPF6YDlR5lDFVbpt9m50KSKieJiYB2JxorObrXGXeN41OGtNlBMr0GsYYAxg/s1600/img7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx66ixVNNfem2E_-mCmNP2SjP5GhIM_ose89pUxxWwKHglCskQRsS4P5G2TW4eInESqmF9vFs16oQMPw_BPF6YDlR5lDFVbpt9m50KSKieJiYB2JxorObrXGXeN41OGtNlBMr0GsYYAxg/s320/img7.PNG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">The product was developed by the people who made the social
bookmarking service Delicious. The most valuable thing about Dmail is that it
works even if the recipient hasn’t installed this specific tool on the system. This
is because the service doesn’t actually delete the mail from the user’s inbox
rather encrypts and decrypts on demand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3mhOuM7R0iS3K_t8xgTzWAmIQsFN6ybVmT7XYoDtdHeQL7OtLDcmMQxj7J5rwXx8heY12irNelB53edAlKtZ6h9UYWlr_1m0pbhKQsQrkCsNquUATWwRBFAuTLZZkaFPsdl5MpO9llI/s1600/img4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3mhOuM7R0iS3K_t8xgTzWAmIQsFN6ybVmT7XYoDtdHeQL7OtLDcmMQxj7J5rwXx8heY12irNelB53edAlKtZ6h9UYWlr_1m0pbhKQsQrkCsNquUATWwRBFAuTLZZkaFPsdl5MpO9llI/s400/img4.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwRCuYneb9HUk1b34hPB7eZGpnUuODJBeYbGJFYogoZjL5O4pT0885T8veMrEfcPBSd7oLpy0-9KobqFoFfXGsfo0-Kj4gFp5T_w3bRCE1aoR_NGao5uzbQ60OeqKgxvUocTaA31VMfj8/s1600/img10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwRCuYneb9HUk1b34hPB7eZGpnUuODJBeYbGJFYogoZjL5O4pT0885T8veMrEfcPBSd7oLpy0-9KobqFoFfXGsfo0-Kj4gFp5T_w3bRCE1aoR_NGao5uzbQ60OeqKgxvUocTaA31VMfj8/s320/img10.PNG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">If the Dmail received by the recipient doesn’t have the
extension installed, are shown a “View Message” button that opens the email in
new tab while extension installed users can see the message directly within Gmail.
Once a Dmail is initiated by the sender the recipients are informed of the same
by the message “This message has been destroyed and is no longer available.” <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbybU08uFXTKpG5jt7lPvV5DQO43dnrcFm6xP2oZmbWTV8aBRoNqyfzrXhtZ8hoKhAqZGu0KKAdYD9qScMvNts5ZNWQWmaz23C9McERD_6B1jtYDfkw8nvOTfPhdb7OW5xl151ENAPDC4/s1600/img9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbybU08uFXTKpG5jt7lPvV5DQO43dnrcFm6xP2oZmbWTV8aBRoNqyfzrXhtZ8hoKhAqZGu0KKAdYD9qScMvNts5ZNWQWmaz23C9McERD_6B1jtYDfkw8nvOTfPhdb7OW5xl151ENAPDC4/s400/img9.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Dmail’s developer had explained to TechCrunch that whenever
user sends a message with the service, it’s encrypted locally on their machine with
a standard 256-bit algorithm. The recipient of the mail is sent both the
location of data store and the key to view the decrypted form of the message. They
also have plans to make the Dmail a freemium service.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbJU1nAcv9UavJZmtoJbj_ZYy8NoxZ2GV86INxkPmxp2M-qZ9uVI1xz9CH3s4dvRDtQQhZHXKiNjvHSzKcHZmqD-_2lyrZ4-0bXo9HhbhYY6OmlUHLEAOp1zJ69kIXTO9CEJzKb9AKuA4/s1600/img5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbJU1nAcv9UavJZmtoJbj_ZYy8NoxZ2GV86INxkPmxp2M-qZ9uVI1xz9CH3s4dvRDtQQhZHXKiNjvHSzKcHZmqD-_2lyrZ4-0bXo9HhbhYY6OmlUHLEAOp1zJ69kIXTO9CEJzKb9AKuA4/s400/img5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">How Does Dmail Work,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">       For
using Dmail you required to install Chrome extension for Dmail. After
installation of Chrome extension, open Gmail inside Chrome browser and you will
found that Dmail now integrated with Gmail, to send a new email with dmail
enabled you to have to encrypt the emails. Auto expire time can be set as 1
hour, 1 day or 1 week.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGMZuFzxh4AtiAHtLttNaLrM1jxGyy548u3gQMx6hYeaL0EdDSiDvSxIl0XSrScBNtOeQkGcyu7aOOkm0KwOHVf5wUKIYcAQ3ORLlWGZb-9Bav29HodPdz6Q7sHobhVtbwCOgiY3dx7ao/s1600/img8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGMZuFzxh4AtiAHtLttNaLrM1jxGyy548u3gQMx6hYeaL0EdDSiDvSxIl0XSrScBNtOeQkGcyu7aOOkm0KwOHVf5wUKIYcAQ3ORLlWGZb-9Bav29HodPdz6Q7sHobhVtbwCOgiY3dx7ao/s400/img8.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">Eventually the team want to upscale the use of the tool to
let users set self-destructing timers on other documents too.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZZ6hW_aeQ7g-77RopNI2067F8at6iVrtQOKU7rqIlpyS9dzE_jeES8yhiUeDPvWnQPNFxI-vJN2sbORTz8hx7BjThwIhMuDbLWDHDgnz5ReHEeS5CDvIjsNwm5MlxXvy1PKNP3DP8_cM/s1600/img1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZZ6hW_aeQ7g-77RopNI2067F8at6iVrtQOKU7rqIlpyS9dzE_jeES8yhiUeDPvWnQPNFxI-vJN2sbORTz8hx7BjThwIhMuDbLWDHDgnz5ReHEeS5CDvIjsNwm5MlxXvy1PKNP3DP8_cM/s400/img1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">Google itself seems to have an alarming understanding of the
value to revoke an email as well and recently made its Undo feature, which
allows the sender to revoke a mail up-to 30 seconds after its sent across
Gmail.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>

News Tips SELF-DESTRUCT THE REGRETTABLE MAIL YOU SENT THROUGH GMAIL VIA D-MAIL !!

Chrome Web Extension that allows you to revoke access to sent emails whenever you like!! You may have encountered this situation man...

What's Caesar Cipher and Python Code to Break It!!!

May 22, 2017 Unknown 0

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-I3EMV_gipenQ6ziW4wCpemd5Xk8ekJR8-2_VTz5JJkj_Zavfm7CJanoRnFdzlSk7-P_MXopSOohN4bRiQ6c9gd213IjpsKqRPx1ECx4_AT1v1-ZRB8gK3F-ga7nIoggAe_2Rfeur7Uc/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-I3EMV_gipenQ6ziW4wCpemd5Xk8ekJR8-2_VTz5JJkj_Zavfm7CJanoRnFdzlSk7-P_MXopSOohN4bRiQ6c9gd213IjpsKqRPx1ECx4_AT1v1-ZRB8gK3F-ga7nIoggAe_2Rfeur7Uc/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<b>The Caesar <span style="text-align: left;">Cipher is a basic
cryptographic shift algorithm. This is a substitution cipher where each
character in the message is replaced with a letter by shifting a corresponding
to a certain number up or down the list of alphabets.</span></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>In this way a message which was
readable initially can be put in a form called cipher text that cant be
understood at a simple glance.<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler,
used a very simple cipher for secret communication with his army generals. He substituted
each letter of the alphabet with a letter three positions further along.<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2cSKYQ8YS5oRyNfTLEUG8oS9VDRjCoknDEGTDR1vzuGOVXFB-BJlJZGYv_0LvypPjw6iWhS_22IiNTLK9VuxoHd2RP5bE1Uq-v7lj4SMAZO5MPcK7Fws4PvuqNr7uqAOf0l1_xN_bBZQ/s1600/cc1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2cSKYQ8YS5oRyNfTLEUG8oS9VDRjCoknDEGTDR1vzuGOVXFB-BJlJZGYv_0LvypPjw6iWhS_22IiNTLK9VuxoHd2RP5bE1Uq-v7lj4SMAZO5MPcK7Fws4PvuqNr7uqAOf0l1_xN_bBZQ/s640/cc1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The Caesar Cipher can
be expressed in a more mathematical form as follows:</span><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
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                                                <span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%;">E<sub>n</sub>(x) = (x+n) mod 26<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b>In plain terms, this means that
the encryption of a letter x is equal to a shift of x + n, where n is the
number of letters shifted. The result of the process is then taken under modulo
division, essentially meaning that if a letter is shifted past the end of the
alphabet, it wraps around to the beginning.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Decryption of the encrypted text (ciphertext) would be defined
similarly, with instead a subtraction of the shift amount.</span><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
                                                <span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%;">D<sub>n</sub>(x) = (x-n) mod 26<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4CFvFU651ZEndP0J7049h6KzCKjLACO82niNenyANO234Lr68nJHL8KsB91EZhUjc6_RsW99p4QF-TyW1k5VUPMBl0pYSkZAlmb9o_-8LTIiMSL9n5Qluetbz4E-5jxC-capqbbAfN6I/s1600/caesar-cipher-4-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4CFvFU651ZEndP0J7049h6KzCKjLACO82niNenyANO234Lr68nJHL8KsB91EZhUjc6_RsW99p4QF-TyW1k5VUPMBl0pYSkZAlmb9o_-8LTIiMSL9n5Qluetbz4E-5jxC-capqbbAfN6I/s640/caesar-cipher-4-638.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Here is the python code for encrypting data stored in a local file input_file.txt and store the encrypted format in another local file called encrypt_file.txt and also has option to decrypt the ciphered text and put the resultant message into a local file decrypt_file.txt  ,</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
import random</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
key = random.randint(1, 26)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
def encrypt():</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    position = list()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    res = ""</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    f = raw_input("Enter your filename\n")</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand = open(f,'r')</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    str = fhand.read()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand.close()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    for i in range(len(str)):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
        position.append(alphabet.find(str[i]))</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    for i in range(len(str)):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
        if str[i] != " ":</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
            position[i] = (position[i]+key)%26</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
            res = res + alphabet[position[i]]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
        else: res = res + " "</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand = open("encrypt_file.txt",'w')</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand.write(res);</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand.close()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
def decrypt():</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    position = list()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    res = ""</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand = open("encrypt_file.txt",'r')</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    str = fhand.read()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand.close()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    for i in range(len(str)):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
        position.append(alphabet.find(str[i]))</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    for i in range(len(str)):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
        if str[i] != " ":</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
            position[i] = position[i]-key</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
            if position[i] < 0:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
                position[i] = 26 + position[i]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
            res = res + alphabet[position[i]]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
        else: res = res + " "</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand = open("decrypt_file.txt",'w')</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand.write(res)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    print res</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    fhand.close()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
option = {1 : encrypt,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    2: decrypt,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    }</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
while(1):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    print("menu:\n1. Encrypt a string\n2. decrypt a string\n")</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    choice = raw_input("enter your option\n")</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    option[int(choice)]()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    ch = raw_input("Do you want to continue(1/0)")</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    if ch == '0':</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
        break</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
    else:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
        continue</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The caesar cipher can be broken in milliseconds using
automated tools. since there are only 25 possible keys i.e. each possible shift
of the alphabet. we can try decrypting the ciphertext using each key and
determine the fitness of each decryption. this forms a solution as we know is
brute force and possible only for simple ciphering techniques like this
approach.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The crux of the approach depends on determining the fitness
of a piese of deciphered text. this is done by calculating the statistics of
the deciphered text and compare these statistics to those calculated from
standard english text. a fitness function will give us a number, the higher the
number the more likely the particular key is correct one. for this session we
will use quadgram statistics for better results as its probability to find the
exact result is higher than bigram and trigram statistics.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>This method workds by first determininig the statistics of
english text. then calculating the likely hood that the ciphertext comes from
the same distribution. as incorrectly deciphered message will probably contain
sequences eg. ‘qkpc’ which are very rarre in normal english. in this way we can
rank decryption keys. the decryption key we want is the one that produces
deciphered text with fewest rare sequences.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>If our cipher text is the following:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>                ymjhfjxfwhnumjwnxtsjtkymjjfwqnjxypstbsfsixnruqjxyhnumjwx<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>To find out what the original was, we try decryting a piece
of cipheredtext with each of the 25 possible keys, calculating fitness for each
trial decryption.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
key          
plaintext                    
fitness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1: xligeiwevgmtlivmwsrisjxliievpm..., -442.22<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2: wkhfdhvduflskhulvrqhriwkhhduol..., -495.20<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3: vjgecguctekrjgtkuqpgqhvjggctnk..., -484.13<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4: uifdbftbsdjqifsjtpofpguiffbsmj..., -490.73<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5: thecaesarcipherisoneoftheearli..., -246.02<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6: sgdbzdrzqbhogdqhrnmdnesgddzqkh..., -485.69<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7: rfcaycqypagnfcpgqmlcmdrfccypjg..., -481.17<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8: qebzxbpxozfmebofplkblcqebbxoif..., -478.19<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9: pdaywaownyeldaneokjakbpdaawnhe..., -415.66<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10: oczxvznvmxdkczmdnjizjaoczzvmgd..., -488.75<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11: nbywuymulwcjbylcmihyiznbyyulfc..., -490.46<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12: maxvtxltkvbiaxkblhgxhymaxxtkeb..., -490.82<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13: lzwuswksjuahzwjakgfwgxlzwwsjda..., -483.63<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14: kyvtrvjritzgyvizjfevfwkyvvricz..., -475.01<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15: jxusquiqhsyfxuhyieduevjxuuqhby..., -466.90<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
16: iwtrpthpgrxewtgxhdctduiwttpgax..., -458.49<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
17: hvsqosgofqwdvsfwgcbscthvssofzw..., -474.67<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
18: gurpnrfnepvcurevfbarbsgurrneyv..., -460.86<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
19: ftqomqemdoubtqdueazqarftqqmdxu..., -467.13<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
20: espnlpdlcntaspctdzypzqespplcwt..., -454.29                                                  <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21: dromkockbmszrobscyxoypdrookbvs..., -461.91<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
22: cqnljnbjalryqnarbxwnxocqnnjaur..., -479.58<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
23: bpmkimaizkqxpmzqawvmwnbpmmiztq..., -473.52<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
24: aoljhlzhyjpwolypzvulvmaollhysp..., -474.57<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
25: znkigkygxiovnkxoyutkulznkkgxro..., -494.13<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The fitness of each of the text is shown above, with text
corresponding to a key of 5 showing a much higher fitness than other possible
keys (it may be confusing because the scores are negative, here we chose the
least negative scoreas being the highest fitness.). we could have also tried
reading each sentence to find which one is readable but this becomes
impractical when there are many possible keys.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Quadgram statistics as fitness measure</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When trying to break ciphers, its often useful to try
deciphering with many different keys, then look at the deciphered text. if the
text looks very like english we consider the key is a good one.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>What we need is a way of determining if a piece of text is
very like english. this is achieved by counting quadgrams or group of 4
letters.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>eg: for the text attack, quadgrams are: atta, ttac, and
tack.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>To use quadgram to detemine how similar test is to english,
we first need to know which quadgrams occur in english. to do this we take a
large piece of text, for eaxmple several books worth of text, and count each of
quaddgrams that occur in them. we then divide these counts by the total number
of quadgrams encountered to find the probability of each.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>If we count the quadgrams in tolstoy's "war and peace",
we have roughly 2,500,000 total quadgrams after all spaces and punctuation are
removed. the probability of a specific quadgram is calculated by dividing the
count of that quadgram by the total number of quadgrams in our training corpus.
the log probability is simply the logarithm of this number. a few specific
counts:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
quadgram          
count           log probability<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
aaaa                      1
                            -6.4001876<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
qkpc                     0                              -9.4001876<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
your                            1132                 -3.3463412<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
tion                             4694                 -2.7286445<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
atta                              359                  -3.8450932<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The table above shows that some quadgrams occur much more
often than other quadgrams, this can be used to determine how similar to
english a specific piece of text is. if the text contains qpkc, it is probably
not english, but if it contains tion, it is much more likely to be english.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>To compute the probability of a piece of text being english,
we must extract all the quadgrams, then multiply each of the quadgram
probabilities.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>For the text attack, the quadgrams are atta, ttac, and tack.
the total probability is</b><o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicNAklNy3p4htjg5knbv7Cf4UGq4ik8ZLf0uRX3kQ-Zy0R2rkQfypo25Z7sO5bzYe7DJP6ZtSPJfgKT3xqju_Oz5kph8z6ElbRgrxyowoDVF1xZ1yFUd4iPqUnCtFXYIYsvAHPq_U8ihk/s1600/img3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicNAklNy3p4htjg5knbv7Cf4UGq4ik8ZLf0uRX3kQ-Zy0R2rkQfypo25Z7sO5bzYe7DJP6ZtSPJfgKT3xqju_Oz5kph8z6ElbRgrxyowoDVF1xZ1yFUd4iPqUnCtFXYIYsvAHPq_U8ihk/s1600/img3.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
where e.g.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUmD67epgMCbn_TdZEacJdSZ6cHFi2lUv9gJGnv9jGjr65Es9wioZ5bhpzGG5NLj4nkKqvBj5lhfzNuG1A2uvE-AzHTZA-9VB_Hqle93zC2YeoC60CKJIBZM7rQ88zzI3S0mW4cJFEzeY/s1600/img2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUmD67epgMCbn_TdZEacJdSZ6cHFi2lUv9gJGnv9jGjr65Es9wioZ5bhpzGG5NLj4nkKqvBj5lhfzNuG1A2uvE-AzHTZA-9VB_Hqle93zC2YeoC60CKJIBZM7rQ88zzI3S0mW4cJFEzeY/s1600/img2.png" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><b>In the equation above, count is the number of times the
quadgram occured, n is the total number of quadgrams in the training sample.</b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When multiplying many small probabilities, numerical
underflow (is a condition in a computer program where the result of a
calculation is a number of smaller absolute value than the computer can
actually store in memory.) can occur in floating point numbers. for this reason,
the logarithm is taken of each probability.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The well known identity log(a*b) = log(a)+log(b) is used, so
the final log probability is</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZIqxfAdSehdH8ElfIk7lTux3dHDD3ffjz6GCkV3mxzn6h9XALeeuqb4FaQcP79h9GOiG7YeMkXmOnL1Oeruh1eszdbo6AlfHFc7_DAk35mIAXl4QUbVukz9vOI25w0jSZegQiTIMnwk/s1600/img1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="17" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZIqxfAdSehdH8ElfIk7lTux3dHDD3ffjz6GCkV3mxzn6h9XALeeuqb4FaQcP79h9GOiG7YeMkXmOnL1Oeruh1eszdbo6AlfHFc7_DAk35mIAXl4QUbVukz9vOI25w0jSZegQiTIMnwk/s640/img1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>This log probability is used as the 'fitness' of a piece of
text, a higher number means it is more likely to be english, while a lower
number means it is less likely to be english.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Here is the code to break the Caesar cipher text:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>MODULE 1: </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
from math import log10</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
class ngram_score(object):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    def __init__(self,ngramfile,sep=' '):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        ''' load a file containing ngrams and counts, calculate log probabilities '''</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        self.ngrams = {}</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        for line in file(ngramfile):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
            key,count = line.split(sep) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
            self.ngrams[key] = int(count)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        self.L = len(key)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        self.N = sum(self.ngrams.itervalues())</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        #calculate log probabilities</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        for key in self.ngrams.keys():</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
            self.ngrams[key] = log10(float(self.ngrams[key])/self.N)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        self.floor = log10(0.01/self.N)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    def score(self,text):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        ''' compute the score of text '''</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        score = 0</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        ngrams = self.ngrams.__getitem__</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        for i in xrange(len(text)-self.L+1):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
            if text[i:i+self.L] in self.ngrams: score += ngrams(text[i:i+self.L])</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
            else: score += self.floor          </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        return score</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><b>MODULE 2)</b></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
import re</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
from ngram_score import ngram_score</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
fitness = ngram_score('english_quadgrams.txt') # load our quadgram statistics</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
from pycipher import Caesar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
      </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
def break_caesar(ctext):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    # make sure ciphertext has all spacing/punc removed and is uppercase</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    ctext = re.sub('[^A-Z]','',ctext.upper())</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    # try all possible keys, return the one with the highest fitness</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    scores = []</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    for i in range(26):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
        scores.append((fitness.score(Caesar(i).decipher(ctext)),i))</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    return max(scores)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
    </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
# example ciphertext</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
fhand = open("encrypt_file.txt",'r')</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ctext = fhand.read()</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
max_key = break_caesar(ctext)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
print 'best candidate with key (a,b) = '+str(max_key[1])+':'</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
print Caesar(max_key[1]).decipher(ctext)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>

Tutorials What's Caesar Cipher and Python Code to Break It!!!

The Caesar Cipher is a basic cryptographic shift algorithm. This is a substitution cipher where each character in the message is repl...

What's Xposed Framework For Android & How To Install It!!!

May 22, 2017 Unknown 1

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5ZdtDIOLNFROeeynrV-VS5UdMvsznVGfYUhfXImFqJ0OJfxdw2K7THSDYGqSCb_N1GELzQ-eTvbSGVEHPGxE3nXt8FQqCrHNvPUo_hmAb21M5Nk6majfketn0JORmgIZRVESUv3ABhLw/s1600/Xposed_Title_img1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5ZdtDIOLNFROeeynrV-VS5UdMvsznVGfYUhfXImFqJ0OJfxdw2K7THSDYGqSCb_N1GELzQ-eTvbSGVEHPGxE3nXt8FQqCrHNvPUo_hmAb21M5Nk6majfketn0JORmgIZRVESUv3ABhLw/s640/Xposed_Title_img1.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
Android is known for its extensive customisation but unless
you have a phone that is rooted, you can only customise using widgets and
launcher apps. Rooting your device expands the horizon, giving you ability to
modify the kernel of the OS. Unlocking the bootloader and flashing custom
recovery takes you to another level of experience. However, flashing with
custom ROM mods, you end up giving up stability, simplicity and reliability of
Stock Android ROM (also referred to as Vanilla Android).</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Xposed Framework is a ground-breaking development that enables
all kinds of customisation allowing Android users to enhance the feel of their
device without having to get through system files or APKs, using root access to
get direct access to the core of the OS and utilise the resources to run
different modules on the device. It lets you mix and match system elements
called modules to create a system you prefer, it should feel awesome to have
such a power to build things as we want them to be.  Let’s see how the same can be installed.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
These modules run on device memory unlike custom ROMs it’s
not complicated process to revert the changes made by you as they can be removed
easily by disabling the module and rebooting. You don’t have to make changes to
your apps wither because everything happens at system level and works on all
android versions above Ice-Cream Sandwich (4.0.3) brought to us by XDA
Recognised Developer rovo89. The potential we are talking is virtually
unlimited and most developers have already flipped to this for deploying their
mods.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXZc9EVOPeL9RmTBsCv0A3cOO0pSMayEflmvtn1ZqWnL9-Hj-GnJOtEg9DLiAftm4LS0nlLb1JwYmBNM6LAe1FZiCPOG7H5BRNj5Iu3DMlqF88Ho4Gyedf5QefPCI9ipVHewhIMU-gY4/s1600/Xposed-Additions-Module-for-Android-11.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXZc9EVOPeL9RmTBsCv0A3cOO0pSMayEflmvtn1ZqWnL9-Hj-GnJOtEg9DLiAftm4LS0nlLb1JwYmBNM6LAe1FZiCPOG7H5BRNj5Iu3DMlqF88Ho4Gyedf5QefPCI9ipVHewhIMU-gY4/s320/Xposed-Additions-Module-for-Android-11.png" width="179" /></a><b><span style="font-size: large;">Xposed Additions</span></b>
– Comes with a configuration option that allows you to control some addition power and button features which
includes full control of how the device must react during                   USB Plug/Unplug and button re-map which allows
you to assign new actions to click or long press of each button, including disabling it This re-map feature can assign
different action for awake and
sleep state.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxsv9ZKE-xbtltpGaIVz0Nvh11-WXzkKDbfFH1d4DcFvinLLT6763PahggfOyYo9HgUWG2D1eYsI0J5ahT-6y5zJ0THfZeF1ZUZ1Ix4077PqjFHzj8GQZMhZyi4nZ0lk7vc3d3JDPNCAk/s1600/gb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxsv9ZKE-xbtltpGaIVz0Nvh11-WXzkKDbfFH1d4DcFvinLLT6763PahggfOyYo9HgUWG2D1eYsI0J5ahT-6y5zJ0THfZeF1ZUZ1Ix4077PqjFHzj8GQZMhZyi4nZ0lk7vc3d3JDPNCAk/s400/gb.jpg" width="400" /></a><b><span style="font-size: large;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Gravity Box</span></b> – Is
a module whose primary goal is to provide the users of ASOP devices with a
tweak box to turn their Vanilla
ROM into a custom one packed with additional tweaks without flashing. Most preferences can be
changed by on-the-fly without rebooting.<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdn10n4smvr_yrwmvl85Xosf8-2pAVyEOCwDf-TLFgWRaL2SfTGJBFegbe_OCDAUuQK0MaddzVFXTKCj9pAyeKQSGgvS_nCBhfUJ3l2JO9gsftzlGjUmibEmONoH55Yy64IVJj6qlxnII/s1600/xuimod.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdn10n4smvr_yrwmvl85Xosf8-2pAVyEOCwDf-TLFgWRaL2SfTGJBFegbe_OCDAUuQK0MaddzVFXTKCj9pAyeKQSGgvS_nCBhfUJ3l2JO9gsftzlGjUmibEmONoH55Yy64IVJj6qlxnII/s320/xuimod.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Wanam Kit</span></b> –
Customises Kitkat Stock ROMs with features as to enable Numeric battery, clock    position, status bars, skip Music with
Volume buttons, security and many more..</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Boot Manager</span></b> –
with this app module one could prevent selected apps of running on system startup. Only apps with permission
BOOY_COMPLETED are rendered. System apps are marked
with exclamation mark and restrict system apps you have to donate.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"></span></b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHjjN2SYYJ4FfhS5ldR22-IH-lo1RDTwct1cMB5-Ov5nmEz05IWeC-E58trzTxUQuSAXCEd2KNhKSQbbzRIZsuP6Cx5zrFnbXlWSOIzssiDG9int0MX4C9rKA8yVrD2TFoZhzUK8da8NE/s1600/notific-compariosn-of-themes.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHjjN2SYYJ4FfhS5ldR22-IH-lo1RDTwct1cMB5-Ov5nmEz05IWeC-E58trzTxUQuSAXCEd2KNhKSQbbzRIZsuP6Cx5zrFnbXlWSOIzssiDG9int0MX4C9rKA8yVrD2TFoZhzUK8da8NE/s320/notific-compariosn-of-themes.png" width="320" /></a><b><span style="font-size: large;">XuiMod</span></b> – is a
small collection of unique features ported from other ROMs and some by you like Volume Disable in Lock screen, Lock
screen torch, Animation Controls & many more..<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Dynamic Notifications</span></b>
– allowing device screen discreetly to show notifications without unlocking the lock screen.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3RLA5Vc4E72JeRX63QCl33dT5gU1FLfSVHx5KQfmgiQ3HvU0H6-4bZWmDUzWdVxOAjLeS7AF811QRLZ3fqgQYNUwBwO9v3kfj22hZMR3QgIomyxhoq6PlfLL9q7MTuHZ8aj8y4vrYUno/s1600/unnamed.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3RLA5Vc4E72JeRX63QCl33dT5gU1FLfSVHx5KQfmgiQ3HvU0H6-4bZWmDUzWdVxOAjLeS7AF811QRLZ3fqgQYNUwBwO9v3kfj22hZMR3QgIomyxhoq6PlfLL9q7MTuHZ8aj8y4vrYUno/s320/unnamed.png" width="213" /></a><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">XPrivacy</span></b> – can
prevent applications from leaking privacy sensitive data. This module can
restrict categories of data accessible by
an application.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
And many other features like Network Speed Indicator,
YouTube AdAway, Instagram Downloader, and many more. One of the best part of
Xposed Module is they can be layered on top of another, meaning that you can
change the behaviour or appearance of a app or system element with Module A and
tweak it with Module B and so on.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
All you must do to get these awesome features on your device
is a rooted device and then download the Xposed Installer which you can get from the Xposed Module Repository or from XDA developers.
Once you’re done installing you’re all set with basic framework upon which you
can start using the modules you like.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It’s as easy as installing an app on your device and setting
couple of UI Controls. So let’s get straight to it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Disclaimer:</b> Please proceed with your own risk and
Elite-Cyber-Tech is not liable if your device gets damaged during the process.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Make sure your using Android 4.0 or above and your device is
rooted.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
     1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">     
</span>Download the latest Xposed Framework Installer
App and downloaded APK to your device and             install it. Once you have launched
the app after installation from your app drawer it will looks             something like
this,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQoeyvNdmB3dutKh8Aejom4A081tCnKjKrOGtr9APV6PHfXgPRxltRr42-ZQE3nz2d_DWaDaFd0dJ0GaGdCq-DdZk0JZdfG7N1ME581ef6lDu0kht9Q1DE2H_AjEHqZFVH8WoSZyO9Hhk/s1600/Xposed2c.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQoeyvNdmB3dutKh8Aejom4A081tCnKjKrOGtr9APV6PHfXgPRxltRr42-ZQE3nz2d_DWaDaFd0dJ0GaGdCq-DdZk0JZdfG7N1ME581ef6lDu0kht9Q1DE2H_AjEHqZFVH8WoSZyO9Hhk/s320/Xposed2c.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXgMXkWfwEKHNZzgSlLDRdy8Wggu5mdTRJ4QU1IgwIh7QAV5HVzSLlUdaUqu_FrFviWLoOlBJbMrmh_2iF5ipMs9xM34FTd0ekbGPCOIGEjwonkk8p-eJUKhpzCxHeWMdCkNms-Wpu0Dc/s1600/Xposed1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXgMXkWfwEKHNZzgSlLDRdy8Wggu5mdTRJ4QU1IgwIh7QAV5HVzSLlUdaUqu_FrFviWLoOlBJbMrmh_2iF5ipMs9xM34FTd0ekbGPCOIGEjwonkk8p-eJUKhpzCxHeWMdCkNms-Wpu0Dc/s320/Xposed1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhViuYEMk0xeIyj3TfFiOtafOA_Mqhyphenhyphen_ILPHFWppeCU4-d1lMCUM4OpIR4DIRBoyEwOKp9XDaYG0fFota6mqMOTQtTUAtp9zKBoYniABirAR-axtcQJZqWy_TMkYMjpTRcFBzq-GUZXbbw/s1600/Xposed2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhViuYEMk0xeIyj3TfFiOtafOA_Mqhyphenhyphen_ILPHFWppeCU4-d1lMCUM4OpIR4DIRBoyEwOKp9XDaYG0fFota6mqMOTQtTUAtp9zKBoYniABirAR-axtcQJZqWy_TMkYMjpTRcFBzq-GUZXbbw/s400/Xposed2.png" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK6f5ndX2yUEU0EqYl2jYECI-hMdWQDW5qFou-mHo7kifcXgheBPqzRFrUe2WSIEfmB-ZcraGjumE_UZfs6xYlzl-oGaj35m5p2UT6zmaPaCHkK4FzitxS8TJCsZfHBVgKr5ZGgp3QSnw/s1600/xposed-framework1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK6f5ndX2yUEU0EqYl2jYECI-hMdWQDW5qFou-mHo7kifcXgheBPqzRFrUe2WSIEfmB-ZcraGjumE_UZfs6xYlzl-oGaj35m5p2UT6zmaPaCHkK4FzitxS8TJCsZfHBVgKr5ZGgp3QSnw/s400/xposed-framework1.png" width="225" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="text-indent: -18pt;">     2)</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;">     
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Go to Framework and tap Install/Update button
and eventually a Superuser request would pop up           which you should make sure to
grant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
       Framework will then install by
itself and notify when installation process is completed. After this you might
want to reboot the device before starting to use the framework. Now Xposed
Framework itself doesn’t bring any default functionality to your device, you
must setup the foundations for its modules and they’re the ones that bring the
attributes to your device.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b>     </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b>      Find the installer on:</b> <a href="http://repo.xposed.info/module/de.robv.android.xposed.installer">http://repo.xposed.info/module/de.robv.android.xposed.installer</a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
      <b style="text-indent: -18pt;">Source: </b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">Xposed
Module Repository.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
                                                                            <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>

News Tips What's Xposed Framework For Android & How To Install It!!!

Android is known for its extensive customisation but unless you have a phone that is rooted, you can only customise using widgets and la...